The main virtue of buying options

I realized that I have omitted the most obvious virtue of trading options instead of stocks in my last post: the much more attractive reward-risk ratio for options.

Suppose your stock strategy generated a buy signal. You can either buy the stock now, or you can buy an ATM call. If you buy the stock, you are of course benefiting from 100% of the upside potential of the stock price movement, but you are similarly exposed to 100% of the downside risk. Indeed you can lose the entire market value of the stock. If you buy the call, you will benefit from > 50% of the upside potential of the stock price, assuming that your holding period is so short that the time value will not dissipate much. As the stock price rises, so does your delta. (It increases from 0.5 to 1.) But what about the downside risk? All you can lose is the option premium, usually << 50% of the market value of the stock.

In other words, while one may be tempted to hedge a large stock position with stock index futures, there is no need to hedge an equivalent call option position. This should simplify your strategy implementation and reduce risk management costs (i.e. the probable loss on your short futures position).

Given that I am a short-term trader anyway, I can't figure out why I have been trading stocks instead of options all these years! (Aside from the caveats detailed in the previous post.)

Implementing stock strategies using options

There are many stock trading strategies that are quite attractive in terms of Sharpe ratios, but not very attractive in terms of returns. (Pairs trading comes to mind. But in general, any market neutral strategy suffers from this problem.)  Certainly, one cannot feed a family with annualized returns in the single or low double digits, unless one already has millions of dollars of capital. One way to solve this dilemma is of course to join a proprietary trading group, where we would have access to perhaps x30 leverage. Another way is to implement a stock trading strategy using options instead, though there are a sizable number of issues to consider. (I recently brushed up on my options know-how by reading the popular "Options as a Strategic Investment".)

1. Using options will allow you to increase your leverage beyond the Reg T x2 leverage (or even the day trading x4 leverage) only if you buy options only, but not selling them. For example, to implement a pairs trading strategy on 2 different stocks, you would have to buy call options on the long side, and buy put options on the short side (but not sell call options). Otherwise the margin requirement for selling calls is as onerous as shorting the underlying stock itself.
2. The effective leverage is computed by multiplying the delta of the option by the underlying stock price divided by the option premium. If you buy an out-of-money (OTM) option, the delta will be small (smaller than 0.5), but the option premium is small also. Vice versa for an in-the-money (ITM) option. So you would have to find the optimal strike price so that the effective leverage is maximized. I personally choose to buy an at-the-money (ATM) call or slightly ITM call without actually computing the optimized strike, but perhaps you have reached a different conclusion?
3. Naturally, the shorter the time-to-expiration, the cheaper the option and higher the effective leverage. Additionally, for ITM options, their deltas increase as we get closer to expiration, which also contributes to higher effective leverage. However, the time-to-expiration must of course be longer than the expected holding period of your position, otherwise you would incur the transaction cost of rolling over to the further-month options.
4. The discussion of finding the right strike price based on its delta is moot if your brokerage's API does not provide you with delta for your automated trading system. In theory, Interactive Brokers's API provide deltas for whole options chains, and quant2ib's MATLAB API will pass these on to your MATLAB exeuction program too. However, I have not been successful in retrieving deltas using quant2ib's API. If you have encountered a similar problem, and perhaps have found the reason/cure for this, please let me know. For now, I am reduced to assuming that all my near ATM calls for different stocks have the same delta, and I increase this common value from 0.5 to close to 1 as time passes.
5. Options don't have MOO, LOO, MOC or LOC order types. If one uses market orders to buy at the open or close, one would incur significant transaction costs due to the much wider bid-ask spread compared to stocks. I try to use limit orders on options orders as much as possible.

If you have used options to implement stock trading strategies, and have experiences with these or other issues, please do share them here.

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Reminder: my next pairs trading workshop will take place in New York on October 26-27th.

Phantom quotes

Have you ever got the feeling that your market orders are often filled at prices worse than the NBBO displayed on your trading screen? Apparently, this may be the result of deliberate manipulation of the market by high frequency traders. These HF traders submit thousands of quotes per second to the NYSE ("quote stuffing") and then cancel them within 50 ms. This slows down the exchange data queue so much that by the time a quote is transmitted to you, it is stale already, even if your trading server is collocated at the exchange. (Checking the time stamp of the quote is of no help: the time stamp is based on the time the quote enters the queue, not when it exits the queue.)

If you can no longer believe in the quotes, is there any integrity left in the market? Much as I think that HFT may be useful liquidity providers, I can't see how this specific practice could be good for anyone over the long term.

(Hat tip: Jim Liew of Alpha Quant Club.)